Global Tech Ecosystem Index – Sector Edition 2025

Actionable benchmarks from 281 tech ecosystems based on investment, innovation, talent, and outcome.

Key findings

• Defence enterprise value grew 10.5x between 2020 and 2025, the fastest of the 16 sectors ranked, ahead of semiconductors at 10.2x and cybersecurity at 8.7x.
• The index ranks 281 cities in 69 countries: 208 hubs with at least one unicorn plus 73 with over $100M in funding and 50+ VC rounds since 2019.
• Paris ranks third among AI Global Champions, with $60B of AI enterprise value, 11 AI unicorns and AI funding up 150% from 2019-20 to 2023-24.
• Basel ranks 19th in life sciences and Pittsburgh 5th in robotics, 73 and 48 places above their overall ecosystem ranks.
• Toulouse tops the space ranking per capita, ahead of the Bay Area and Los Angeles, while the Bay Area leads space on absolute scale with Toulouse 7th.